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THOUGHT QUESTIONS 

FOR 

STUDENTS OF AMERICAN 
HISTORY 

BY 

FAYETTE E. MOYER 

CHAIRMAN OF THE HISTORY DEPARTMENT 
DEWITT CLINTON HIGH SCHOOL 
NEW YORK CITY 

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BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 

ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO 








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THOUGHT QUESTIONS 

FOR 

STUDENTS OP AMERICAN 
HISTORY 


FAYETTE E. MOYER / 

CHAIRMAN OF THE HISTORY DEPARTMENT 
DE WITT CLINTON HIGH SCHOOL 
NEW YORK CITY 


ALLYN and BACON 

BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 


ATLANTA 


SAN FRANCISCO 



COPYRIGHT, 1924 
BY ALLYN AND BACON 


J 



V 




Norfcoooti press 

J. S. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. 
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 



C1A793922 ^ 


JUL -5 ’24 




PREFACE 

The questions here given are intended to exercise 
the reasoning power of the student upon materials pre¬ 
sented by the usual text-books in American history. 
They differ from questions hitherto published, either in 
separate books or as parts of text-books, in that they 
are neither review questions nor questions involving 
research in other works. Care has been taken also to 
avoid questions the answers to which are uncertain 
because they depend on differences of opinion. 

It is my hope that this collection will prove useful 
to teachers of American history in two ways: first, 
by providing teachers, both experienced and inex¬ 
perienced, with a convenient means of assigning the 
kind of questions that experienced teachers have long 
been using in their class rooms ; and, secondly, by sug¬ 
gesting to younger teachers the kind of questions that 
make class-room discussions lively and of practical value 
to students. History is one social science in which the 
reasoning process of the student in dealing with social 
problems can be definitely checked up by the actual 
happenings of the past. It behooves us as teachers 
of history, therefore, to give as much training in this 
reasoning process as we can. Thought questions, in 
that they do involve the reasoning process, need to be 
assigned “ftTadvance because the answers to them are 
in 


IV 


Preface 


reached by individual minds at greatly differing speeds. 
If this book increases the use of such questions in the 
class room by relieving the teacher of the burden of 
dictating or mimeographing them, the author will feel 
that his purpose has been accomplished. 

The quotations on which many of the questions are 
based have been taken mainly from the volumes of the 
“American Nation” series, the first five volumes of 
Channing’s “History of the United States”, Bogart’s 
“Economic History of the United States”, Muzzey’s 
“Through the Civil War”, Lingley’s “Since the Civil 
War”, and Schlesinger’s “New Viewpoints in Ameri¬ 
can History”. Because of a desire to avoid giving 
students having access to these works a clue to the 
answer to the question by stating the source of the 
quotation, the name of its author has in most cases 
been omitted. 

The questions are arranged in the chronological order 
of the events in American history, except that at the 
end questions on the tariff, on transportation, and on 
immigration and labor have been arranged by groups 
under these headings. Nearly all the questions dealing 
with slavery are included in the period 1850 to 1860. 


DeWitt Clinton High School 
New York City 


F. E. Moyer 


THOUGHT QUESTIONS FOR STUDENTS 
OF AMERICAN HISTORY 


1. “The history of America would have been pre¬ 

cisely what it has been if Leif Ericson had 
never been born.” Explain. 

2. “ The three navigable oceans of the world were all 

crossed for the first time by European explorers 
in the single generation between 1492 and 1522. 
The third stage of water-born commerce was 
at hand.” What were the other two ? 

3. “Asa result of the discovery of America by Colum¬ 

bus, the ratio between man and land became 
changed for the whole civilized world. So far 
as the human mind can foresee, nothing of a 
similar nature can happen again.” Explain. 

4. Why did Balboa call the Pacific Ocean the “South 

Sea”? 

6. The England of James I contained little more than 
half of the number of inhabitants of London 
today. Why then did so many writers of the 
time speak of the over-population of England? 

6. “For the United States the year 1588 was more 
than memorable, it was vital.” Why? 

1 



Thought Questions 


7. “John Rolfe discovered how Virginia tobacco, 

until then bitter in taste to Europeans, could 
be cured for the English market, and in 1616 a 
consignment from his plantation was sold at 
a good price in London. The permanence of 
English colonization in America was thus 
assured.” Why? 

8. The management of the Virginia Company was 

turned over to Sir Edwin Sandys in 1619. 
Sandys was one of the leaders of the reform 
party in Parliament. Connection of that fact 
with an important event in American history 
in 1619? 

9. The representatives of Captain John Martin’s 

plantation were refused admission in 1619 
by the assembly at Jamestown. Compare 
Article I, Section 5, of the Constitution and 
show what part of that section was in use in 
Virginia in 1619. 

10. “In colonial days there existed white servitude 

and negro slavery.” What form did the white 
servitude take? 

11. “The history of each one of the English colonies 

was marked by political antagonisms between 
the people living in the coast towns and the 
settlers of the interior.” Which of these 
groups would be in favor of frequent redistri¬ 
bution of representation according to popula¬ 
tion ? Why ? 


American History 


3 


12. “The Mayflower Compact was not in any way 

the constitution of an independent state, as 
has sometimes been said.” Show that it was 
not. 

13. Plymouth always remained small and in 1691 was 

joined to Massachusetts Bay. Why, then, 
are the Pilgrims given such an important 
place in American history? 

14. The charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company 

originally provided for the “election of the 
Governor and officers here in England,” but 
before, it was finally issued the phrase was 
omitted. Becker says: “The change was of 
vital importance.” Why? 

15. “The town and the town meeting were as natural 

to New England as the plantation and the 
county were to Virginia and the other Southern 
colonies.” Why? 

16. “The Puritans had not the remotest thought of 

founding in New England an asylum for the 
religiously persecuted of the earth. What they 
came here to do was to secure the freedom of 
their own consciences.” Show that these two 
sentences do not contradict each other. 

17. “One family in forty of those who came to New 

England in the earliest years had some member 
who was a college graduate. Three-fourths 
of these graduates came from Cambridge, 
England.” Connection of this with the edu¬ 
cational history of Massachusetts? 


4 


Thought Questions 


18 . Why did the great migration to Massachusetts 

suddenly cease in 1640? 

19. In the New England Confederation men and money 

were to be furnished according to population, 
but voting power was equally distributed. 
What possible source of trouble lay in this pro¬ 
vision ? 

20. By 1660, throughout New England, except in 

one colony, the support by taxation of the 
clergy formed a part of the regular business of 
the town. What was the one colony excepted ? 
Why? 

21. How did the idea of religious freedom differ in 

Rhode Island from that in Maryland ? 

22. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) 

contained this statement: “ It is ordered, sen¬ 
tenced and decreed that there shall be two 
general assemblies or courts.” Would you 
say that these Orders, or the Mayflower Com¬ 
pact (1620), or neither, should be called the 
first written political constitution in America 
that created a government ? Why ? 

23 . The Hudson at New York is sometimes spoken of 

as the “ North River.” Why? 

24 . The New York State constitution today provides 

that “ All feudal tenures are hereby abolished.” 
Connection of this with the history of New 
Netherland? 


American History 5 

25 . Since England and Holland were not at war in 

1664, what right did England claim to seize 
New Netherland? 

26 . Gouverneur Morris said : “ The Zenger trial was 

the morning star of that liberty which sub¬ 
sequently revolutionized America/ 7 What 
justification is there for this statement? 

27 . For what one idea is Roger Williams famous in 

history ? 

28 . What does “(OS)” after a date mean? Why is 

the correction needed to change “OS” into 
“ N S ” different for dates in the 18th century 
from that in the 17th? 

29 . “ The English Revolution of 1688-9 was a real 

revolution/’ What did it accomplish? 

30 . Of what importance in the later history of North 

America was the hatred of the Iroquois toward 
the French? 

31 . “ When France and England clashed in America, 

it was a conflict between two ideals of govern¬ 
ment.” What were these two ? 

32 . “ The military capacities of the colonists of France 

were out of all proportion to their numbers 
and wealth compared with the English settlers.” 
Give two reasons for this. 

33 . “ In the long run.the contracted dimensions of 

the area settled by the English before the 
French and Indian War proved to be a blessing 
in disguise.” Why? 


6 Thought Questions 

34 . What man, not a military leader, had much to do 

with the English victories of 1756-63? 

35. In speaking of the Treaty of 1763, one author says : 

“ Many thought that all the conquered West 
India islands should have been retained and 
Canada restored to France.” Why? 

36 . Were colonial vessels of the English colonies 

“ English ” under the terms of the Navigation 
Act of 1660? 

37. Why was a “ writ of assistance ” more efficacious 

than a search warrant ? 

38 . By 1754 the colonies owed the mother country 

annually about 200,000 pounds sterling on 
balance. How did the colonies get the money 
to pay it? 

39. Why did the cry of “ No taxation without repre¬ 

sentation ” arise over the Stamp Act when the 
colonists had not raised this objection to the 
duties collected at custom houses? 

40 . Why were not the American colonists “ repre¬ 

sented ” in Parliament as well as Manchester, 
Leeds, and Birmingham, which, like the col¬ 
onies, sent no representatives ? 

41 . “ Because of the character of the taxation, it rallied 

to the colonial position the powerful support 
of the lawyers and newspaper proprietors.” 
To what tax before 1776 does this refer? 

42 . Channing says that Townshend was much more 

responsible than Grenville for the loss of the 
American colonies to England. Wdiy? 


American History 


7 


43 . “ The Boston Tea Party marked a turning point 

in the course of events both in America and 
Britain.” Why? 

44 . “ From this time forth there was a public body 

representing the common interests of the col¬ 
onies.” What time? 

46 . “ The Revolution was virtually over before Con¬ 
gress had any legal standing or defined powers.” 
What about the Second Continental Congress? 

46. “ The Continental Congress in its resolutions of 

October, 1774, really furnished the formula, 
and apparently for the first time formally, 
under which the British Empire of self-govern¬ 
ing colonies has become possible.” What was 
this formula ? 

47 . “ The American Revolution seems to have been 

the outcome of a collision of two mutually 
incompatible interpretations of the British 
constitution, one held by the subjects of the 
British king in America, the other by the ma¬ 
jority in the British Parliament.” Mcllwain. 
On what point did these two views differ? 

48 . When the new State Constitutions were formed, 

practically none of the Governors was given 
the veto power. How do you explain that 
fact? 

49. “As late as January, 1776, Pennsylvania, New 

York, New Jersey, and Maryland instructed 
their delegates in Congress to vote against 
independence. The tide now turned; the 


8 


Thought Questions 


King, coming to the aid of the radical party in 
Congress, made measures palatible which had 
hitherto seemed out of the question.” Chan- 
ning. How did the King “come to the aid of 
the radical party ”? 

50. Why is the King repeatedly mentioned in the Dec¬ 
laration of Independence while Parliament is 
hardly mentioned at all, or only indirectly ? 

61. On July 19, 1776, it was determined to have the 

Declaration engrossed on parchment and signed 
by the members. What, then, happened on 
July 4 ? 

62. “ The campaigns of 1777 were decisive of Amer¬ 

ican independence.” Why? 

63. “ From being a local conflict between two sections 

of the British Empire, the war took on the 
form of a world-wide conquest for dominion.” 
When did this change take place? 

64. “In 1779, in the very year when the soldiers 

were starving in New Jersey and on the Hud¬ 
son, breadstuffs were practically unsaleable 
in Philadelphia, less than 150 miles away.” 
What was lacking? 

66. “ The Secretary, acting on information that was 
already three months old, gave Cornwallis 
permission to carry out plans that were un¬ 
suited to the actual condition when the consent 
reached America.” What disadvantage of 
the English in the Revolutionary War is illus¬ 
trated by this statement? 


American History 9 

66. “As the paper money of the Revolution depre¬ 

ciated from passing from hand to hand, each 
holder thereby paid a national tax.” Explain. 

67 . “ The hardship endured during the Revolution in 

the depreciation of the currency was nothing 
like what it would be nowadays.” (a) Why 
not? ( b ) What people suffer most from a de¬ 
preciating currency? 

68. The three commissioners who negotiated the 

Treaty of 1783 were Benjamin Franklin, of 
Pennsylvania, who had been long and famil¬ 
iarly known in Paris; John Jay, of New York, 
who was of French Huguenot ancestry; and 
John Adams, of Braintree, Mass. Of these 
three, which probably insisted on the grant of 
fishing rights in the treaty? Which probably 
distrusted most the French Government of the 
time? Which was in a position to reconcile 
the French to the terms of the treaty? Why? 

69 . “ The Revolution was at bottom a civil struggle 

between two political ideals that had torn the 
English race since the days of Elizabeth. 
The success of the American cause was the 
vindication (as salutary for England as for 
us) of the more liberal ideal.” (a) What were 
the two ideals? (6) Why was the victory 
“ salutary ” for England? 

60 . Washington said in 1783 : “ It remains still to be 
seen whether the Revolution will prove to be 
a blessing or a curse.” How could it prove to 
be a curse ? 


10 


Thought Questions 


61 . We speak of the “ Critical ” Period of American 

history. From what noun is the adjective 
derived ? 

62 . “ Under the circumstances, the Articles of Confed¬ 

eration could hardly be more than a feeble 
instrument.” What were these circum¬ 
stances ? 

63 . During the entire period of the Confederation, Con¬ 

gress received only six million of sixteen million 
dollars assessed on the States. Why weren’t 
the assessments enforced? 

64 . Massachusetts, unlike Rhode Island, refused to 

issue paper money during the hard times of 
1785-6. Connection of this with Shays’s Re¬ 
bellion ? 

66. “ It made the territories of the United States not 
subject lands but sister lands.” To what does 
this refer ? 

66. “ By 1789 the American people had devised a 

colonial system that harmonized with their 
political principles and was to succeed in the 
coming century beyond that of any other col¬ 
onizing country of the earth.” (a) What sys¬ 
tem is referred to? (6) Where did most of 
this colonizing take place ? 

67 . Washington was one of the wealthy men of Vir¬ 

ginia and an excellent manager; yet in Jan¬ 
uary, 1788, Washington wrote that he was so 
straightened for funds that he was obliged to 
put off the tax collector three months. George 


American History 


11 


Mason, a wealthy delegate to the Constitu¬ 
tional Convention, could not have attended 
at all if he had not been paid in advance. 
What bearing have these facts on the adoption 
of a new constitution? 

68. “ The chief task that confronted the leaders of the 

Federal Constitutional Convention was, in its 
essence, the same that the British government 
had failed to solve a dozen years before.” 
What was this problem? 

69 . New York with 136 times the population of Nevada 

has the same representation in the United 
States Senate. How do you explain this his¬ 
torically ? 

70 . The provision of giving each Senator one vote in¬ 

stead of one vote to each state helped to avoid 
what evil of Confederation days? 

71 . To placate the large states it was provided that 

bills for raising revenue should originate in 
the House. Channing says : “As the Senate 
was permitted to amend these as well as other 
bills, the arrangement was largely nugatory.” 
(a) Explain. ( b ) Does a bill appropriating 
money have to pass the House first ? (c) What 

one of the amendments to the Constitution has 
removed one of the arguments for the pro¬ 
vision concerning revenue bills? ( d ) What 
argument for this provision still remains? 

72 . For purposes of representation, what was the 

population of a state before the Civil War 


12 


Thought Questions 


that had 800,000 free inhabitants and 600,000 
slaves ? 

73. Channing says that the proposal that the Govern¬ 

ment of the Constitution should come into 
operation when ratified by nine states was 
“ revolutionary .’’ Why? 

74 . When the question of ratification was pending in 

New York, it was known that New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, Massachu¬ 
setts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire had 
ratified. Possible bearing of this on the ac¬ 
tion of New York ? 

76 . At the beginning of Washington’s administration 
there were only twenty-two members of the 
Senate. Why not twenty-six? 

76. “ There were no national political parties in the 

United States in 1789 as we use the term 
today.” What about the Federalists and the 
Anti-Federalists ? 

77 . It has been said that the system of choosing a 

President by means of electors “ tends to pre¬ 
serve federal character of the union and to 
prevent fraud in states where it would be most 
difficult to check.” Explain the reasoning 
lying back of these two statements. 

78 . It has been said that with the present system of 

electing a President, it is practically impossi¬ 
ble for the man to be the choice of only one 
small geographical section of the country. 
Why? 


American History ‘ 13 

79 . In 1789 John Adams was elected Vice-President, 

although he did not get a majority of the 
whole numbers of electors. How was this pos¬ 
sible ? 

80 . The Congress in existence from March 4, 1789, 

to March 4, 1791, was the first Congress, 
(a) What Congress by number declared war 
against England in 1812? (b) When did that 

Congress go out of existence? (c) What 
Congress by number declared war against 
Germany in April, 1917? (d) Why is it possi¬ 

ble, without further data, to tell which Congress 
passed the Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890 
but not which one passed the Interstate Com¬ 
merce Act of 1887 ? 

81 . Of all of Hamilton’s financial plans, the only one 

to meet practically no objection was the one 
to pay the foreign debt in full. Why was 
there no objection to that plan? 

82 . What group of people became active supporters 

of the new federal government by reason of 
the assumption by the national government of 
State debts? 

83. In view of Hamilton’s financial measures, why does 

the expression “Not worth a continental ” 
persist ? 

84 . How did Article VI of the Constitution help Ham¬ 

ilton’s arguments ? 

85 . Jefferson argued that the establishment of the 

First United States Bank by Congress would 


14 ‘ 


Thought Questions 


be unconstitutional. Just what is meant by 
saying that an act is unconstitutional, pro¬ 
vided the act does not do anything expressly 
forbidden by the Constitution? 

86. Read Article I of the Constitution, first clause of 

Section 8. Does Congress have the power to 
pass such acts as it pleases provided they are 
“ for the general welfare ”? 

87 . The question of the constitutionality of the 

United States Bank depended to a greater or 
less extent upon the strict or loose construc¬ 
tion of what phrase? 

88. Jefferson argued that the power to establish a bank 

could not be derived from the implied powers 
clause since all the powers given Congress can 
be carried out without a bank and hence a 
bank is not necessary. If you had been Ham¬ 
ilton, how would you have met that argu¬ 
ment? 

89 . Would those who favored a strong national gov¬ 

ernment be in favor of a loose or a strict in¬ 
terpretation of the Constitution? Why? 

90 . About 1780 office holding was confined to Protes¬ 

tants in New Hampshire, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, and Georgia. Did the first 
amendment to the United States Constitution 
put an end to this practice ? 

91 . “ It is one of the curious coincidences of history 

that in the very days when Jay’s Treaty was 
being negotiated, Eli Whitney was securing 


American History 


15 


the patent for his cotton gin.” In what did 
this “ curious coincidence ” consist? 

92 . Since the cotton-gin did the work of many men, 

why did it mean an increased demand for slave 
labor ? 

93 . “ The revolt of the Western frontiersmen in 1794 

was no unmixed evil although it occurred at a 
very critical time in our relations with Great 
Britain.” What can you say in justification of 
this statement? 

94 . “ Two of the treaties made in the first decade of 

our history saved us from immineiit war. A 
third secured to us the use of the Mississippi and 
so opened our trans-Allegheny region to world 
commerce.” What three treaties are referred to ? 

95 . In 1797 the Federalist Adams became President 

and the Republican Jefferson became Vice- 
President. How did it happen that two men 
of different political parties were chosen for 
these two offices? 

96 . There was published in 1909 a book by G. W. Allen 

entitled Our Naval War with France. To what 
years in our history does it refer? 

97. In 1801 the House of Representatives decided 

which of two members of the same political 
party was to be President, (a) Under what 
circumstances does the House of Representa¬ 
tives choose the President? ( b ) Why is it 
unlikely that the circumstances of 1800 will 
ever occur again? 


16 Thought Questions 

98 . In 1801, in the House of Representatives on the 

first ballot, Jefferson received the votes of 
eight states and Burr six. Did this constitute 
an election for Jefferson? (There were sixteen 
states.) 

99. “ Spain acceded to the request of the United States 

for the right of deposit. This was a most 
important concession.” Why? 

100. In 1801 the Spanish government received 950,000 

livres from New Orleans and expended 2,841,- 
000 livres there. What bearing may similar 
figures have had on the transfer of Louisiana 
to France? 

101. “In 1803 in the war with Britain, colonies were a 

burden to France.” Why? 

102. Livingston and Monroe had been directed at the 

time of the Louisiana Purchase to purchase 
New Orleans and West Florida. Why? 

103 . In Louisiana the continental civil law, instead 

of the English common law, governs domestic 
relations and transfers of property. Why? 

104 . Chief Justice Marshall once wrote: “ The Con¬ 

stitution confers absolutely upon the govern¬ 
ment of the Union the powers of making war 
and of making treaties; consequently that 
government possesses the power of acquiring 
territory, either by conquest or by treaty.” 
According to this view, is the power to acquire 
territory an expressed, an implied, a residual, 
or a concurrent, power ? 


American History 


17 


106. Since France was seizing deserting sailors when 
found on American vessels, why did not the 
question of impressments become a serious one 
between the United States and France? 

106. In 1805 occurred the British victory at Trafalgar 

and the French victory at Austerlitz. How 
did they increase our problems? 

107 . What was there in Jefferson’s own experience 

that led him to believe that England could be 
brought to terms in 1808 by economic pressure? 

108 . In 1808 the Spaniards rebelled against Napoleon 

and opened Spanish-American ports to the 
British. What effect did this possibly have 
upon the embargo ? 

109 . “ The constructive effect of the embargo on New 

England has been overlooked.” What was 
this effect? 

110 . In 1808 “ the commerce of Lake Champlain, 

Lake Ontario, and Lake Erie grew by leaps 
and bounds.” Why? 

111. One of the amendments proposed by the Hartford 

Convention provided for a two-thirds majority 
in each house of Congress for (1) admitting 
new states ; (2) passing non-intercourse laws ; 
and (3) declaring war. Name the actions of 
Congress that led to each of these three. 

112 . “ MacDonough’s victory on Lake Champlain 

was the most timely stroke of good fortune in 
the war.” Why? 


18 Thought Questions 

113 . Between 1807 and 1811 the number of spindles 

in the cotton mills in the United States in¬ 
creased from 8,000 to 80,000. Why? 

114 . In 1816 “ crates of earthernware and bales of 

cotton goods, piled on the docks of Philadel¬ 
phia, Baltimore, and New York, were sold to 
eager bidders at auction. ” What had this 
state of affairs to do with the Tariff Act of 
1816? 

115 . What economic changes were taking place in 

Massachusetts that led Webster to oppose 
the tariffs of 1816 and 1824 but support that 
of 1828? Why did Calhoun differ from 
Webster in both 1816 and 1828? 

116 . It is not within the power of Congress to abolish 

the Supreme Court. Why not? Is there 
any way in which the President and Con¬ 
gress combined could control the Supreme 
Court ? 

117 . Since the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has 

no more votes than the other Justices, how 
does it happen that so much influence is as¬ 
cribed to “ the decisions of John Marshall ”? 

118 . In 1808 an Ohio judge was impeached for declar¬ 

ing a state statute void, and from 1824 to 1830 
Kentucky was in an uproar over the same 
question. What power, generally admitted 
today, evidently had not yet received full 
acceptance ? 


American History 


19 


119 . By the Judiciary Act of 1789 the Supreme Court 

was given original jurisdiction in the issuing 
of mandamuses, (a) Consult Article III, Sec¬ 
tion 2, of the Constitution and show why in 
the case of Marbury vs. Madison that part of 
the act was declared unconstitutional. ( b ) Why 
is this case a famous one in American history? 

120. The declaration by the Supreme Court that an 

act of Congress is unconstitutional goes back 
to what practice of colonial times ? 

121. Since the Supreme Court is provided for by the 

Constitution and its powers are therein stated, 
why has there ever been any doubt as to the 
right of the Supreme Court to declare an act 
of Congress unconstitutional? 

122. By 1820 all but two of the judges of the Supreme 

Court were Republicans and the Chief Justice 
himself was a Southerner. How do you ac¬ 
count for the fact that all its important de¬ 
cisions tended to give more strength to the 
national government? 

123 . Louisiana abolished lotteries years ago. Could a 

lottery company with a previous Louisiana 
charter not providing for change, go on selling 
lottery tickets on the basis of the Dartmouth 
College decision? 

124 . Why was the decision of the Supreme Court in 

the case of Gibbons vs. Ogden of great im¬ 
portance in the development of water trans¬ 
portation in this country ? 


20 Thought Questions 

125. Jefferson wrote in 1820: “ The great object of 

my fear is the federal judiciary.” Why should 
he fear it? 

126. By the census of 1820 New Hampshire and South 

Carolina each had 244,000 free inhabitants, 
but in the election of 1828 South Carolina had 
eleven electoral votes and New Hampshire, 
only eight. Why? 

127 . “ The Missouri Compromise of 1820 marked the 

ending of one epoch of our history and the be-^ 
ginning of another.” Why? 

128 . “ The Monroe Doctrine bears his name and prop¬ 

erly.” Why, since John Quincy Adams formu¬ 
lated it? 

129 . In 1844 the campaign cry was “ Fifty-four forty 

or fight.” What had the “Fifty-four forty” 
to do with the Monroe Doctrine? 

130 . If Germany had won the war in 1915, and had 

demanded Canada from Great Britain, could 
we have objected on the ground of the Monroe 
Doctrine? Give reason for your answer. 

131 . In 1824, Clay was a candidate for the presidency. 

The election went to the House of Represen¬ 
tatives where Clay was highly popular. Why 
did he receive no votes there? 

132 . In 1820 the population of New York City was 

larger than that of Philadelphia by 11,000 and 
in 1830 by 41,000. Account for the rapid in¬ 
crease in the population of New York. 


American History 


21 


133 . The Mohawk Valley in the State of New York 

offers the only pass (400 feet) through the 
mountains between Canada and Georgia that 
is under 1,000 feet above sea level. How has 
this influenced the growth of New York City? 

134 . In the first third of the 19th century the frontiers¬ 

men of the West and the working men of the 
East were influential in bringing about political 
changes. Was their influence for more or 
less democracy? Why? 

135 . In 1820 one elector refused to vote for the only 

presidential candidate in the field, Monroe. 
Did he have the right to vote for any one not a 
candidate ? 

136 . In 1824 Crawford was nominated for President 

by a caucus of sixty-eight members of Congress. 
The Congress then had in all 261 members. 
Significance of these figures on changing meth¬ 
ods of nominating? 

137 . (a) “ The general government is the joint agent 

of two distinct sovereignties.” ( b ) “ The 

general government and the state governments 
derived their authority from the same source.” 
Webster wrote one of these sentences and Cal¬ 
houn the other. Did Webster write (a) or 

(W? 

138 . Calhoun once said in a speech : “ Am I told that 

the Constitution does not give Congress the 
necessary power? ... I answer, I am no ad¬ 
vocate of refined arguments on the Constitu- 


22 Thought Questions 

tion.” If you were to choose between 1816 
and 1828 for the date of this speech, which 
would you choose and why ? 

139. “ The seats of the government became, for the 

first time, filled with men whom the people 
had elected, not because the officials were 
superior to the multitude but because they were 
so like them.” Of whose inauguration was 
this said? 

140. “ The West had become permeated with the idea 

of nationality.” Why the West, more than 
other sections of the country? 

141. The government paid off the final installment of 

its debt in 1835 but until the year 1842 could 
not reduce its revenues to meet the demands 
of current expenses only. Why not? 

142. Why was Jackson called by his opponents “ King 

Andrew the First ” ? 

143. Muzzey says: “ The Senate had no right to pass 

a vote of censure on the President of the 
United States.” Give one argument in support 
of this statement. 

144. What made it impracticable to use the surplus 

after 1835 for internal improvements? 

145. In the years immediately following 1837 there 

were few strikes and labor unions lost ground. 
Why in those years? 

146. “ The extraordinary spectacle was to be seen of a 

President without a party and an overwhelm¬ 
ingly victorious party without any control of 


American History 


23 


an Executive which it and misfortune had 
placed in the chief magistracy.” (a) What 
President? ( b ) What misfortune? 

147. “ The most valid criticism of Polk’s aggressiveness 

in forcing the conflict rests on the weakness 
and disorganization of Mexico.” Assuming 
that Mexico had not been weak and disor¬ 
ganized, and that she had acted just as she 
did, what justification was there for our aggres¬ 
siveness ? 

148. If the Wilmot Proviso had been adopted, would 

it have excluded slavery from Texas ? 

149. (a) “ During this controversy over slavery from 

1848 to 1850 there existed a powerful influence 
which prevented the sectional antagonism from 
showing itself in undisguised form.” . . . 
(6) “ In the conventions of 1848 both parties 
refused to take a stand on the Wilmot Proviso.” 
Assuming that ( b ) illustrates (a), what was 
the “ influence ”? 

150. Between 1800 and 1810 the black population of 

this country increased more rapidly than the 
white. How do you account for it ? 

151. In the 1790’s there was strong opposition to slav¬ 

ery in Virginia, but by 1840 Virginia was a strong 
supporter of slavery, even though the state 
raised no cotton. Why? 

162. Between 1830 and 1840 the number of slaves in 
Virginia decreased by 23,000. What was the 
chief cause for this decrease? 


24 Thought Questions 

153 . Speaking in favor of the Compromise of 1850, 

Clay said : “ You in the free States — you have 
got what is worth more than a thousand Wil- 
mot Provisos. You have nature on your side.” 
Webster said: “ I would not take pains to 
reaffirm an ordinance of nature.” What did 
they mean? 

154 . ( a ) How do you account for the little strip of 

Oklahoma just north of Texas? Why was not 
Texas, like Arizona and New Mexico, extended 
to the 37th parallel? ( b ) How do we know 
without consulting the scale of any map that 
that strip of Oklahoma is about thirty-five 
miles wide? 

165 . “In the northern states the problem of the de¬ 
fenders of the Compromise of 1850 was to in¬ 
duce men of anti-slavery tendencies to forego 
all further agitation concerning slavery.” 
What was their chief obstacle in solving this 
problem ? • 

156 . At the end of 1850 the status of slavery had been 
determined in every square mile of our domain 
from the Mississippi to the Pacific. What 
four acts had done it ? 

167 . Douglas argued that the Missouri Compromise 
was “ superseded by the principles of the leg¬ 
islation of 1850.” What principles? 

158 . The original Kansas-Nebraska bill, which said 
that the Compromise of 1820 had been “ super¬ 
seded by ” the Compromise of 1850, was 


American History 


25 


amended to read “ inconsistent with.” One 
argument for the change? 

159 . The Kansas-Nebraska bill passed the Senate 

thirty-seven to fourteen and the House 113 to 
100. Why was the vote closer in the House 
than in the Senate? 

160 . Every Whig member of Congress from the states 

north of Mason and Dixon’s Line voted against 
the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and all but seven 
from the states south of the Line voted for it. 
Of the forty-two northern Democrats who voted 
for it, only seven were reelected. Judging 
by these facts, what dangers threatened the 
Whig and the Democratic parties ? 

161 . “ The cry of broken faith had wrecked Pierce 

and it might also Buchanan.” What cry of 
“ broken faith ” had wrecked Pierce? 

162 . “ That his bill would produce a revolution in 

politics and do more than any one thing to pre¬ 
cipitate civil war never entered his head.” 
(a) What bill ? ( b ) Whose head ? 

163 . Give one argument to show that Douglas was 

true to his theory of popular sovereignty 
in opposing the Lecompton constitution. How 
did his stand on this question tend to split 
the Democratic party? 

164 . “ Out of the efforts of Democrats and Whigs 

to subordinate this issue grew at length the 
Republican party.” What issue? 


26 Thought Questions 

166. The Ostend Manifesto, while sent to our Secretary 
of State in 1854, was not published until 
March, 1855. It at once met with unsparing 
condemnation in the North. Why was such 
a reception natural at that time ? 

166 . “ The plea which had proved successful in 1850 

became in 1856 the chief ground upon which 
the two conservative parties appealed for 
votes.” (a) What plea? ( b ) What were the 
two “ conservative parties ”? 

167 . Taney received the concurrence of five other 

judges in declaring the Compromise to have 
been illegal and void, although such an opinion 
was an obiter dictum , dragged into the case, 
(a) What case? ( b ) Why was the opinion 
an obiter dictum? 

168 . Lawyers doubted the binding character of any¬ 

thing in the Dred Scott case but the bare de¬ 
cision itself. Why, then, was the country so 
excited by it ? 

169 . The panic of 1857 was intensified for the farmer 

because of the cessation of the Crimean war. 
Why? 

170 . “ The price of negroes (1857-9) rose in these 

years to unheard-of figures, good field hands 
bringing in places from fifteen hundred to two 
thousand dollars.” With this statement as a 
basis, make a statement as to the effect of the 
panic of 1857 upon the South. 


American History 27 

171. Since the direct election of Senators did not come 

in until 1913, why did Lincoln and Douglas 
address popular audiences in their campaign 
for the Senatorship in 1858? 

172 . “ In 1860 Douglas was the unanimous choice of 

the northern wing of the party, but his Free¬ 
port Doctrine had killed him in the South.” 
Why? 

173 . In a speech in the Senate in 1859 Jefferson Davis 

said that the Freeport Doctrine of Douglas was 
“ a thing offensive to every idea of the suprem¬ 
acy of the laws of the United States.” Ex¬ 
plain clearly why Davis so regarded it. 

174 . “ Every Massachusetts and every South Carolina 

member of Congress voted for the tariff of 
1857.” What bearing has this statement on 
a discussion of the fundamental causes of the 
Civil War? 

176 . Jefferson Davis wrote after the Civil War : “The 
truth remains intact and incontrovertible that 
the existence of African servitude was in no 
wise the cause of the conflict, but only an in¬ 
cident.”. Give one possible argument against 
the truth of this statement. 

176 . Breckenridge electors received in the South in 
1860 571,051 votes as against 705,928 for his 
opponents. From these figures, how would 
you say the Southern voters felt about seces¬ 
sion on election day, 1860? 


28 Thought Questions 

177 . From 1855 to 1860, 84% of the cotton consumed 

by cotton mills here and abroad came from 
the South. What bearing might consideration 
of this fact have had on the beginning of the 
Civil War? 

178 . “ The defeated Douglas held Lincoln’s hat during 

the speech (the first inaugural), and the author 
of the Dred Scott decision administered the 
oath. The coming wreck of the theories with 
which their lives were bound up must have 
been visible to both.” What were these theo¬ 
ries ? 

179 . Speaking of the conduct of the negroes in the 

Civil War, a writer says: “ John Brown’s 

effort at Harpers Ferry was based on a com¬ 
plete misapprehension.” What misapprehen¬ 
sion? 

180 . Lincoln received about 40% of the popular vote 

in the election of 1860 but got a majority of the 
electoral college, (a) What is meant by the 
“ popular vote,” since the president is chosen 
by electors ? (6) How can a man with a minor¬ 

ity of the popular vote win a majority of the 
electors ? 

181 . “ Railroad building just before the Civil War 

revised our economic and political geography.” 

(a) What influence did it have on changing 
the economic relationships of the Northwest? 

(b) What political influence did this economic 
change probably have ? 


American History 


29 


182 . “At any time before the secession of a state the 

forts in the South could have been garrisoned 
without bringing on actual conflict.” Why? 

183 . “ Almost alone, Lincoln saw what holding Sumter 

meant.” What did it mean? 

184 . “ The assault upon Sumter was the knife driven 

by the hand of the South itself into the vitals 
of slavery.” Explain. 

185. “ From a military standpoint, the slaves were an 

element of strength to the South rather than of 
weakness.” Give one argument in support of 
this statement. 

186 . How did the loyal border states complicate for 

Lincoln the problem of dealing with slavery ? 

187 . Give one reason for the suspension of the writ of 

habeas corpus in time of rebellion (see Consti¬ 
tution, Article I, Section 9) and one danger 
arising from such suspension. 

188 . “ One of the difficulties of the Confederate Gov¬ 

ernment was that the temper and tradition of 
the South were far less favorable to executive 
centralization than were those of the North.” 
Why? 

189 . “In the border states the civil war had assumed 

a fratricidal character.” Why chiefly in those 
states ? 

190 . Why did not Lincoln declare the slaves free in 

parts of states that had been in insurrection 
but were not so on January 1, 1863? 


30 Thought Questions 

191. About how many slaves were actually freed on 

January 1, 1863? Why not more? Were 
there ever any more freed by the Emancipa¬ 
tion Proclamation? 

192. Slaves in Delaware and Kentucky were not freed 

by state action nor were they freed by the 
Emancipation Proclamation, (a) , Why were 
they not freed by the Emancipation Procla¬ 
mation? ( b ) How, then, were they freed? 

193. In discussing the Davis-Wade bill in 1864 Lin¬ 

coln said: “I can see that I may in an emer¬ 
gency do things on military grounds which 
cannot be done constitutionally by Congress.’ 7 
Give an instance of an act of this kind per¬ 
formed by Lincoln before 1864. 

194. “ The rising price of gold during the Civil War 

was ominous. The disappearance, too, of 
specie from the currency was startling; but 
in its place the people accepted the greenbacks, 
of which there were in circulation January 1, 
1864, $444,825,022, thereby submitting to a 
forced loan.” (a) Gold, always being worth 
$20.67 an ounce, what is meant by speaking 
of “ the rising price of gold”? (6) What 
security lay back of the greenbacks on Jan¬ 
uary 1,1864 ? (c) Give two differences between 

a greenback and a bond, (d) Why did the 
greenbacks constitute a “ forced loan ”? 

195. If a national bank fails, is a “ five-dollar 

bill,” consisting of the promise of that bank 


American History 


31 


to pay, still good? Give reason for your 
answer. 

196. Is it possible for a depositor to lose money if a 

national bank fails ? 

197. The act of March 3, 1865, imposed a tax of 10% 

on the notes of state banks, driving them out 
of circulation. Since the states are forbidden 
to issue paper money, why were there any 
state bank notes in circulation? 

198. Since 1865, have any state banks been allowed to 

issue currency in the form of their own notes? 

199. See Constitution, Article IV, Section 3. How 

was the consent secured in the case of West 
Virginia ? 

200. Why had Johnson, a Tennessee Democrat, been 

put on the same ticket with Lincoln in 1864? 

201. “ Communities of the South during the Civil 

War grew self-reliant, economically, as never 
before.” Why? 

202. “ As to production, throughout the Civil War pe¬ 

riod, until the territory was entirely overridden 
by Union armies, the South remained fruitful. 
... Yet the Confederate armies suffered for 
want of food.” What part of the system had 
broken down? 

203. “ The outcome of the Civil War represented the 

triumph of Webster over Calhoun.” How? 

204. “ The ease with which this labor force (the mil¬ 

lion men under arms on the Union side at the 


32 


Thought Questions 


close of the Civil War) was reabsorbed into the 
industrial system, with little of the suffering 
that marked the disbanding of the, Napoleonic 
armies, has always excited the wonder of his¬ 
torians.” What was chiefly responsible for 
this ease? 

205. What was the effect of the Civil War upon the de¬ 

velopment and use of agricultural machinery ? 

206. Since nearly all the Southern states had been 

“ reconstructed ” under the President’s plan 
before Congress met in December, 1865, how 
could Congress get control of the situation? 
(See Constitution, Article I, Section 5). 

207. “ That the result of the war should be an acces¬ 

sion of influence in Congress to the South, was 
a proposition which few Northerners could 
contemplate with entire equanimity.” Whence 
was this “ accession of influence ” to come? 

208. “ Unhappily for themselves, the Southern states 

played unwittingly into the hands of Stevens 
and his radical colleagues.” How? 

209. Was President Johnson impeached? 

210. In the trial of President Johnson the first vote 

was “ Guilty, thirty-five; not guilty, nine¬ 
teen.” Was this verdict one of acquittal or 
conviction? Why? 

211. The Civil Rights Bill, already a law, was practi¬ 

cally made a part of the fourteenth amend¬ 
ment to the Constitution. Two things gained 
by its friends in making it an amendment ? 


American History 


33 


212. Did the fourteenth amendment compel the 

South to give the negro the right to vote? 

213. The Consolidated Gas Company of New York 

once fought a law requiring them to furnish 
gas at eighty cents a thousand cubic feet, 
using as its defense the fourteenth amend¬ 
ment. What part of that amendment was 
quoted ? 

214. “ Previous to 1868, when the fourteenth amend¬ 

ment became part of the Constitution, com¬ 
paratively little state legislation relating to 
private property had been reviewed the Su¬ 
preme Court.” Why did the fourteenth 
amendment make a change in that respect? 

216. Does a legislative act constitute “ due process of 
law ” as required by the fourteenth amend¬ 
ment ? Give reason for your answer. 

216. “ Thereby the word ‘ male ’ was placed in the 

federal Constitution for the first time.” When ? 

217. “ The protagonists of women’s rights now 

claimed that the fourteenth amendment, in 
declaring that all persons born or naturalized 
in the United States were citizens, had thereby 
really enfranchised all women.” Were they 
right? Give reason. 

218. What part of the fourteenth amendment has 

never been carried out by legislation? 

219 In 1920 Tennessee “ went Republican.” It was 
the first of the eleven seceding states to do so 


34 Thought Questions 

after the close of the Reconstruction Period. 
How had the history of Tennessee differed 
from that of the other ten states in the Con¬ 
federacy ? 

220. James Ford Rhodes wrote A History of the United 

States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Close 
of Reconstruction in 1877. Why did 1877 
mark the close of Reconstruction? 

221. In 1909, three of the first five states in the value 

of cotton products manufactured were North 
Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. In 
this respect how did the New South differ from 
the Old South? 

222. “ One county in Alabama has erected a monu¬ 

ment to the boll weevil because it has com¬ 
pelled the abandonment of the one-crop sys¬ 
tem.” Bogart. Explain clearly this quotation. 

223. “ With gold at 285, the government was receiving 

for its bonds paper dollars worth only thirty- 
five cents and it was paying in coin 17% on 
its 6% bonds.” Muzzey. How does the 
author arrive at the figure of 17% ? 

224. Many of the greenbacks were made “ legal tender 

for all debts, public or private, except customs 
duties and interest on the public debt.” Why 
not for these also? 

225. Why did the debtor classes object to the de¬ 

struction of the greenbacks by the government 
after the Civil War? 


American History 


35 


226. In 1870 the Supreme Court announced a decision 

declaring unconstitutional the Legal Tender 
Act of 1862, so far as concerned debts contracted 
prior to the passage of the Act. Explain 
just what this meant. 

227. Consult Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution 

and show why there was a question of the 
right of Congress to authorize the issuing of 
legal-tender notes. 

228. Did the fifteenth amendment compel the South 

to give the negro the right to vote? Was 
there any way in which it could legally be 
evaded ? 

229. “ According to international practice, both sides 

in the European conflict might purchase mu¬ 
nitions from neutrals in the World War.” 
Does this indicate a change from the period 
of the Civil War when England was held to be 
delinquent in allowing the Alabama to sail? 

230. “ The annual mileage of new railroads fell from 

7,439 in 1872 to 1,606 in 1875; the production 
of pig-iron declined from 2,560,000 tons in 
1873 to 1,868,000 in 1876.” What occasioned 
these decreases? 

231. “ The power to count the votes that would make 

the President passed on December 6th, 1876, 
to some federal authority, but what that au¬ 
thority was nobody could conclusively say.” 
Why not? 


36 Thought Questions 

232. What was there about the disputed election of 

1876 for every American to take pride in? 

233. During 1879 Europe had bad crop failures. 

What influence did that tend to have on the 
success of the resumption of specie payments ? 

234. When specie payments were resumed on January 

1, 1879, there was only $133,000,000 in coin 
in the Treasury to meet $347,000,000 in green¬ 
backs. Why, then, did resumption succeed? 

235. “ Resumption of specie payments was a great 

victory compared with the continental paper 
money of Revolutionary days.” Explain. 

236. “In June, 1879, every dollar of redeemable debt 

had been refunded at a saving to the govern¬ 
ment of over fourteen millions annually in 
interest.” (a) Explain “ redeemable debt.” 
(6) Explain “ refunded.” (c) Explain how 
interest could be saved. 

237. “ Measures were taken in 1866 to try to persuade 

the Chinese authorities to be more liberal 
in permitting coolies to leave for America.” 
How, then, do you account for the Chinese 
Exclusion Act of 1882 ? 

238. “ When Garfield died, the Senate had not yet 

elected a presiding officer and the House had 
not met. The death of Arthur would have left 
the country without a legal head.” (a) Why? 
(i b ) How is such a contingency provided for 
today ? 


American History 37 

239. u Lincoln in 1861 tried to be fair to the place 

hunters, making the best of a condition the 
cure for which was to begin only after long 
years.” What cure, and when did it begin? 

240. “ The surplus from the Treasury grew from 

sixty-eight million in 1880 to one hundred 
million in 1881 and one hundred and forty- 
five million in 1882, at which figure it became 
a menace.” Why a menace? 

241. Electors for Cleveland carried New York State in 

1884 by a plurality of 1,149 votes, (a) Assum¬ 
ing the same vote for all the thirty-eight 
electors, the change of how many votes from 
Democratic to Republican would have carried 
the State for the Republicans? (6) Would 
the change of these votes have given Blaine 
the presidency? 

242. In 1888 the Republicans were successful, Harri¬ 

son receiving 233 electoral votes to 168 for 
Cleveland. The popular vote was Harrison, 
5,439,853 ; Cleveland, 5,540,329. Since Cleve¬ 
land got the greater popular vote, why did he 
not receive the greater electoral vote? 

243. (a) Why is it that so many candidates for Presi¬ 

dent and Vice-President come from New York, 
Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois? ( b ) Why do so 
few come from the Southern states ? 

244. What are the advantages of the corporation 

form of organization over the copartnership 
plan? 


38 Thought Questions 

245 . The number of establishments engaged in the 

manufacture of agricultural instruments fell 
from 1,943 in 1880 to 910 in 1890, although 
the period was a prosperous one. What was 
happening? 

246 . “ The workers in the textile mills grew from 

275,000 to 512,000 and the capital outstanding 
from $300,000,000 to $750,000,000, but the 
number of factories declined from 4,790 to 
4,114.” What was taking place? 

247 . What was the origin of the term “ trust as 

applied to stock companies? 

248 . Is a holding company a “ trust ” in the original 

sense of the word? 

249 . On what legal grounds were the Standard Oil 

and Tobacco Trusts dissolved by the Supreme 
Court while the United States Steel Corpora¬ 
tion, a larger corporation than either of the 
others, was not dissolved? 

260 . “ There are parts of the economic world in which 
monopoly is inevitable. Telephone service 
affords a good illustration.” Ogg. Why? 

251 . In 1910 about 28% of the manufacturing estab¬ 
lishments of this company were in the form 
of corporations. Would you think that they 
contributed more or less than 26% of the prod¬ 
uct manufactured ? Why ? 

262 . “ During the four decades between the opening 
of the Civil War and the close of the 19th 
century, the United States became in many 


American History 


39 


respects an economic unit.” The passage 
of what two acts by Congress indicated a reali¬ 
zation of this? 

253 . By the Acts of 1834 and 1837 the weight of the 

gold dollar was reduced from 27 grains to 25.8 
grains, .9 fine, the weight of the silver dollar 
remaining the same 412.5, .9 fine, (a) Approx¬ 
imately what change in ratio did this repre¬ 
sent? (5) This change slightly over-valued 
gold, and in 1853 minor silver coins had to be 
debased. Why? 

254 . Why did the suspension of the free coinage of the 

silver dollar, and hence of all free coinage of 
silver, in 1873, attract almost no attention at 
the time? 

255 . “ A Nevada mine which had produced $645,000 

worth of silver ore in 1873 had turned out 
nearly twenty-five times that amount two years 
later.” (a) Effect of this on the price of sil¬ 
ver. ( b ) Effect of this on the attitude of the 
miners toward the Act of 1873 demonetizing 
silver. 

256. The volume of national bank-notes shrank more 

than $158,000,000 between 1880 and 1890. 
How did this help to bring on the free silver 
agitation of the ’90’s? 

257. Wheat declined from $1.45 in 1882 to $.87 in 

1890. The volume of government legal-tenders 
had been fixed at a stationary point. Since 
1870 the world’s gold production for each five- 


40 Thought Questions 

year period showed a shrinkage. National 
bank circulation was steadily contracting, 
$126,000,000 being withdrawn between 1886 and 
1890. According to the “ free silver ” advo¬ 
cates of 1890 and the years following, what 
did these facts indicate? 

258 . The silver dollar contains 371.25 grains of pure 

silver; the gold dollar 23.22 grains of pure 
gold. What in this case is the legal ratio of 
the two metals? 

259 . During the debate in the Senate over the repeal 

of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, the Sen¬ 
ate itself was declared by some critics in the 
East to be the most dangerous feature of the 
federal system. Why the feeling in the East 
against the Senate particularly? 

260 . Why did some of those who opposed the repeal 

of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893 
declare that it should not be repealed unless 
at the same time the tax on state bank-notes 
should be removed? 

261 . In 1890 the United States produced about 

fifty-four million ounces of silver a year. 
What use was made of this fact in the legis¬ 
lation of that year? 

262 . January 17, 1894, bids were invited for fifty 

million five per cent bonds redeemable in ten 
years. This loan realized the net proceeds of 
$58,666,000. (a) What was the average price 

at which the bonds were sold? (6) What was 


American History 


41 


the average rate of interest received by the 
purchasers of these bonds ? 

263 . What justification from an economic standpoint 

did Bryan urge in support of his statement: 
“We will answer their demand for a gold 
standard by saying to them, You shall not 
press down upon the brow of labor this crown 
of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind 
upon a cross of gold ”? 

264 . Why were many of the farmers of the West in 

favor of the free coinage of silver in 1896? 

266 . “ The one side believed that the creditor class 
desired to scale debts upward; the other, that 
the debtor class wished to scale them down.” 
On which side were those who favored “ free 
silver ”? 

266 . Why were the opponents of free silver stronger 

in the House than in the Senate ? 

267 . Why was there no widespread demand for the 

free coinage of silver during most of the first 
quarter of the 20th century ? 

268 . Per capita circulation of money in the United 

States rose from $23.85 in 1893 to $33.86 on 
July 1, 1907. Why? 

269 . “ Inasmuch as the number of wage earners in the 

factories was rapidly increasing it seemed in¬ 
evitable that the problem of rising prices after 
1896 would constitute as great a problem as 
the problem of falling prices had done before 


42 Thought Questions 

that year.” Why do rising prices constitute a 
• ' problem? 

270. Why has the fate of Cuba always been of import¬ 

ance to the United States? 

271. Just before we entered the Spanish- American 

War, foreign shipyards were scoured for ves¬ 
sels in process of building and several were 
purchased, completed, and renamed for the 
American Service. Bearing in mind the Ala¬ 
bama claims, was this contrary to international 
law? 

272. Who blew up the Maine ? 

273. “ The guns of Admiral Dewey did something 

more than destroy the Spanish fleet in the har¬ 
bor of Manila. Their echo came back to us 
in a question new in the history of our govern¬ 
ment.” What question? 

274. Senator Hoar remonstrated with President Mc¬ 

Kinley for placing Senators on the commission 
to make a treaty of peace with Spain. On 
what grounds? 

275. What had the Spanish- American War to do with 

our annexation of Hawaii? 

276. “ The treaty annexing the Hawaiian Islands was 

opposed in the Senate on grounds both of prin¬ 
ciple and of policy, so that in March, 1898, 
the advocates of annexation determined to 
gain their end by a j oint resolution. ’ ’ Why was 
it possible for them to gain it that way when 
they could not by treaty ? 


American History 


43 


277. ( a ) Does the sixth amendment apply to the wild 

Moros of the Philippines ? Reasoning. ( b ) Can 
slavery constitutionally exist in the Philip¬ 
pines ? Reasoning. 

278. See first clause of Article I, Section 8, in the Con¬ 

stitution. How, then, could the Supreme 
Court in 1901 declare a special tariff on goods 
from Porto Rico constitutional since that tariff 
was not “ uniform ” with the Dingley Tariff? 

279. Does the Constitution follow the flag? 

280. In 1901 the Supreme Court held that the Dingley 

Tariff did not apply to goods coming from 
Porto Rico, as it was no longer foreign terri¬ 
tory. The same year it decided that the im¬ 
position of duties upon imports from Porto 
Rico by the act of Congress known as the 
Foraker Act was constitutional. Were these 
two decisions in conflict with each other? 
Reasoning. 

281. In 1906, by order of President Roosevelt, Secre¬ 

tary Taft assumed control for the United 
States of the Cuban Government. What 
right did we have to do this? 

282. “In the construction of an interoceanic canal, 

the Spanish-American War was a turning- 
point.’’ Why? 

283. Why did we not want a canal built under the 

Clayton-Bulwer treaty? 

284. Under what circumstances would Great Britain 

be a loser through the fact that the Hay- 


44 Thought Questions 

Pauncefote Treaty was substituted for the 
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty ? 

285 . What did Great Britain gain by the substitution 

of the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty for the Clayton- 
Bulwer Treaty? 

286 . Why was a lock canal rather than a sea-level 

canal favored at Panama ? 

287 . “ President Roosevelt gave a new interpretation 

to the Monroe Doctrine.” (a) What was this 
interpretation? ( b ) Where was it first ap¬ 
plied ? 

288 . What gave Congress the power to pass the Pure 

Food and Drugs Act of 1906? 

289 . Congress passed a resolution admitting Arizona 

on condition that the recall of judges be 
stricken from its constitution, which was done. 
Could the state restore the provision after 
admission? 

290 . In the Democratic National Convention there 

are from each state twice as many delegates 
as the state has representatives and senators. 
In the Republican Convention, this rule has 
not held since 1912. What reasons induced 
the Republican party to change the basis ? 

291. “ Notwithstanding reductions of the tariff in 

1910, annual collections in Santo Domingo 
rose from $2,502,000 in 1906 to $4,109,000 in 
1913.” How was this possible with a lower 
tariff ? 


American History 


45 


292. Because of its provision for free sugar, the two 

Senators from Louisiana voted against the 
tariff bill of 1913, although they were Demo¬ 
crats and it was a Democratic measure. What 
induced them to vote against it? 

293. “ A number of state legislatures„ finding consti¬ 

tutional barriers in the way of full enfranchise¬ 
ment, followed the example of Illinois (1913) 
by granting the vote to women in presidential 
elections only.” Why did not constitutional 
barriers stand in the way of granting the right 
to vote in presidential elections? See Article 
II, of the Constitution. 

294. “ The short ballot was no novelty; in the na¬ 

tional government there had never been any 
other kind.” Ogg. Explain. 

295. “ In 1916 about 58% of the depositors in the 

postal savings banks were foreign born.” 
Account for this high percentage. 

296. “ The reserve banks (of the Federal Reserve sys¬ 

tem) were really banks of bankers.” Explain. 

297. How did the Federal Reserve Act provide for a 

more elastic currency? 

298. “ The Supreme Court decided, May 20, 1895, 

that the income tax as a whole was a direct 
tax and that therefore the income tax law of 
1894 was unconstitutional.” Why did the 
fact of its being a direct tax make it uncon¬ 
stitutional ? 


46 Thought Questions 

299. Since the Supreme Court had once declared that 

an income tax is not a direct tax, why was the 
sixteenth amendment necessary? 

300. Why would it not be equitable to levy an income 

tax “ according to population ”? 

301. Why doesmot an official of any state pay a federal 

income tax on the salary he derives from his 
state government? 

302. If the expenditures of a city amount to a, the 

income of the city other than from taxes 
amounts to b, and the assessed valuation of 
property subject to taxation in the city is x, 
what is the formula for the tax rate? 

303. Authority to enforce the Clayton Anti-trust 

Act in regard to common carriers, banks, 
and other corporations, was naturally given 
respectively to what three boards? 

304. “ People nowadays expect the President to man¬ 

age Congress.” From the death of McKinley 
in 1901 to the death of President Harding, 
what two Presidents most fully realized the 
expectation of the people in that respect? 

305. The creation of the three positions in the Cabinet 

after the Department of the Interior indicate 
what trend in federal affairs ? 

306. In the election of 1800, approximately one-fif¬ 

teenth of the white population was included 
in voting classes; in 1900 about one-fifth of 
the entire population of the country voted. 
Beginning with the election of 1920, a still 


American History 


47 


larger proportion of the population voted, 
(a) What does the one-fifteenth indicate as to 
qualifications for voting in 1800? ( b ) Why 

“ beginning in 1920 ”? 

307. “ Since the Civil War, much of the physical 

isolation of the United States has disappeared.” 
Explain. 

308. Why did England seize cargoes on neutral ships 

bound for Holland and Denmark during the 
World War? 

309. Why was cotton, considered non-contraband in 

1909, considered distinctly contraband during 
the World War? 

310. It has been said that it would have been an un¬ 

neutral act on our part to stop the shipment 
of munitions after the war began. Give one 
argument in support of that statement. 

311. Immediately after March 4, 1917, the United 

States Senate made a change in its rules for 
limiting debate. Why was the change made? 

312. In 1900 8.2% of our foreign trade was carried in 

American bottoms; in 1920, 45.14%. Account 
for the increase. 

313. “ European-owned American securities were sent 

to be resold to American investors to a value 
aggregating in 1915-16 two billion dollars; 
gold was exported to the New York banks to 
an amount of nine hundred millions.” Even 
then Europe was two billions short in paying 


Thought Questions 


48 

for its supplies bought here. How was the 
difference made up ? 

314. “ In two years the United States was converted 

from a debtor to a creditor nation. ’ ’ (a) When ? 

(i b ) How? 

315. President Coolidge in his first message to Con¬ 

gress said : “ Another reform which is urgent 
in our fiscal system is the abolition of the 
right to issue tax-exempt securities.” (a) Ex¬ 
plain what he meant. ( b ) Would a constitu¬ 
tional amendment be necessary to bring it 
about ? 

316. “It was the only treaty of alliance the United 

States ever made.” What was the treaty? 

317. “ American women ate maize that we might eat 

meat.” Said by an Englishman after what 
event ? 

THE TARIFF SINCE 1865 

318. In lowering taxes after the Civil War, why was 

there naturally more objection to the lowering 
of the tariff than to the lowering of internal 
revenue taxes? 

319. The Wilson-Gorman tariff bill of 1894 was allowed 

to become a law without the President’s sig¬ 
nature, although the President did not veto 
the bill. Give one possible motive for a Presi¬ 
dent’s allowing a bill to become a law without 
his signature. 


American History 


49 


320. “ Customs revenue in the financial year 1915 was 

but $209,268,107, which was less by eighty- 
three millions than during the first year of the 
operation of the Underwood tariff.” Why the 
decrease ? 

321. Give one argument for a protective tariff growing 

out of the World War. Give one argument 
against a protective tariff growing out of the 
World War. 

322. Wfiy, in discussing the tariff a few years after 

the World War, was importance given to 
“ American valuation ” of imported goods? 

TRANSPORTATION 

323. “ The history of transportation in the United 

States divides itself logically into three pe¬ 
riods.” What three? 

324. “ The railroad mania (just before 1857) resulted 

in the hasty construction of hundreds of miles 
of track in the thinly settled West, whose 
earning power was found not to be such as to 
enable the corporations to meet the obliga¬ 
tions incurred by the mortgage bonds so freely 
and recklessly sold.” Name one such obliga¬ 
tion. 

325. To insure the construction of the Union Pacific 

Railroad, Congress enlisted private enterprise 
by heavy subsidies. Why was not private 
enterprise willing to build it without help 
from Congress? 


50 Thought Questions 

326. “It was universally recognised that the Pacific 

Railway was a work of the utmost political 
importance. ’’ Why ? 

327. “ Manufacturers in Rochester could send goods 

to New York City and reship them to Cin¬ 
cinnati, back through Rochester, for less than 
the rate direct from Rochester to Cincinnati.’ 7 
(a) What abuse does this illustrate? (6) What 
was the cause of this abuse? 

328. “ One company did not hesitate to order the 

L & N Railroad to ‘ turn another screw ’ 
on a competitor.” To what railway abuse 
before 1887 does this refer? 

329. “ Freight was sometimes carried a thousand 

miles for a lower sum than the same bulk was 
carried one hundred miles.” Why did the 
railroads sometimes charge more for a “ short 
haul ” than for a “ long haul ” over the same 
route and in the same direction? 

330. “ In the apportionment of the west-bound traffic, 

the New York Central and the Erie were each 
to have 33%, the Pennsylvania, 25%, and the 
B & O, 9%.” What railroad practice, later 
forbidden by law, is here illustrated? 

331. Why is a railroad subject to stricter regulation 

by law than a manufacturing plant ? 

332. Where does Congress get the power to control 

telephone rates between New York and New 
Jersey? 


American History 


51 


333. Why was the Interstate Commerce Commission 

given the power to make a “ physical valua¬ 
tion ” of the railroads? 

334. When may Congress regulate an intrastate rail¬ 

road rate? 

335. The improvements in transportation have con¬ 

duced to the development of democracy and 
direct government. How? 

336. From 1913 to 1920 railroad mileage in this country 

decreased 2,600 miles. There was an almost 
complete cessation of new building. Why? 

IMMIGRATION AND LABOR 

337. The first federal legislation looking toward the 

abolition of labor disputes was an act passed 
in 1888 providing for the investigation of 
differences between railroads and their em¬ 
ployees. Why railroads rather than some 
other form of industrial activity? 

338. The Industrial Revolution is said to have begun 

in the United States about 1808. Why then? 

339. In the late forties and early fifties great numbers 

of peasants from central and southern Ire¬ 
land emigrated to America. Why? 

340. The decade 1850-60 was marked by a large immi¬ 

gration from Germany. Why? 

341. “ Within two days after the strike of 1877 was 

inaugurated, the Governor of West Virginia 


52 Thought Questions 

invoked the constitutional guarantee of each 
state against domestic violence.” (a) What is 
the guarantee? ( b ) When may the Governor, 
and not the Legislature, invoke it? 

342. “ So long as free land was to be had, the rate of 

movement westward has always been a fluctu¬ 
ating one, being retarded or hastened by the 
economic condition of the people.” Would 
that movement be slow or rapid in hard times? 
Why? 

343. The depreciation of greenbacks leading to a rise 

in prices stimulated the growth of labor unions. 
Why? 

344. “ Statements as to changes in wages are com¬ 

paratively meaningless unless supplemented 
by statistics of prices.” Why? 

345. Why does organized labor favor the restriction of 

immigration ? 

346. Can an individual workman, not a member of 

any union, join the American Federation of 
Labor ? 

347. What did the opponents of “ government by 

injunction ” criticize in the use of injunctions 
in labor disputes? 

348. From 1880 to 1890 the number of children em¬ 

ployed in manufacturing in the United States 
decreased 33.6%. (a) Why? ( b ) Why did 

the decade 1890-1900 show an increase of 
39.5%? 


American History 


53 


349. President Coolidge in his first message to Congress 
said: “We ought to provide by constitutional 
amendment and appropriate legislation for the 
limitation of child labor.” Why is a con¬ 
stitutional amendment necessary to do this ? 

360. “ The position of labor was greatly strengthened 

by the World War.” What factors strength¬ 
ened it? 

361. “ There was available in 1920 for manufactures a 

considerable amount of labor set free from 
the primary extractive industries, especially 
agriculture.” Assuming this to be true, what 
set them free from agriculture? 

362. Why were building operations almost at a stand¬ 

still during the World War? 

363. It has been said that one of the most important 

events in the latter half of the 19th century 
in the United States was the disappearance 
of the frontier. Why? 























































































































INDEX 


(References are to the numbers of the questions .) 


Adams, John, 95 
Alabama Claims, 229, 271 
Amendments: (1) 90; (14) 

211 ff.; (15) 228; (16) 298 ff. 
Amer. Federation of Labor, 346 
Articles of Confederation, 62 

Balboa, 4 

Border States, 186, 189 
Boston Tea Party, 43 

Calhoun, 137, 138, 203 
Child Labor, 348, 349 
Chinese Immigration, 237 
Civil Service, 239 
Civil War, 182 ff. 

Clayton Act, 303 
Columbus, 3 

Compromises: (1820) 127; 

(1850) 153, 155, 157 
Congress, Powers of, 86, 104, 
288, 332 

Congresses, Continental, 44 ff. 
Congresses, Numbers of, 80 
Connecticut, 22 
Connecticut Compromise, 69 
Constitution, Ratification of, 
67, 73, 74, 75 

Continental Currency, 56, 57, 
83 

Conventions, National, 290 
Cotton, Manufacture of, 113 


Cotton Gin, 92 
Critical Period, 60 ff. 

Cuba, 270, 281 

Dartmouth College Case, 123 
Declaration of Independence, 
49, 50, 51 
Douglas, 163, 178 
Dred Scott Case, 167, 168, 178 

Elections: (1800)97,98; (1820) 
135; (1824) 131; (1860) 

172, 176, 180; (1876) 231, 
232; (1884) 241; (1888) 

242; (1896) 256 ff.; (1920) 
219 

Emancipation Proclamation, 
190 ff. 

Embargo, 107 ff. 

Ericson, Leif, 1 
Erie Canal, 132, 133 

Federal Reserve Act, 296. 297 
Fifteenth Amendment, 228 
Fourteenth Amendment, 211 ff. 
France, Naval War with, 96 
Freeport Doctrine, 172, 173 
French and Indian War, 31 ff. 
Frontier, Disappearance of, 353 

Gibbons vs. Ogden, 124 
Greenbacks, 194, 223 ff. 

55 



56 


Index 


Habeas Corpus, 187 
Hamilton, Financial Plans of, 
81 ff. 

Hartford Convention, 111 
Hawaii, 275, 276 

Immigration, 339, 340 
Impeachment, 209, 210 
Impressments, 105 
Income Tax, 298 ff. 

Industrial Revolution, 338 
Insular Cases, 277 ff. 

Interstate Commerce Act, 
327 ff. 

Iroquois and the French, 30 

Jackson, 139, 142, 143 
Jay’s Treaty, 91 
Jefferson and the Supreme 
Court, 126 

John Brown’s Raid, 179 
Johnson, Andrew, 200, 209, 210 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 157 ff. 

Labor, 377 ff. 

Legal Tenders, 226, 227 
Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 171 ff. 
Louisiana, Purchase of, 99 ff. 

MacDonough, 112 
Marbury vs. Madison, 119 
Marshall, John, 117 
Maryland, 21 

Massachusetts, Great Migra¬ 
tion to, 18 

Massachusetts Bay, Charter of, 
14 

Mayflower Compact, 12, 22 
Mexican War, Causes of, 147 
Missouri Compromise, 127 


Money, Paper, in the Revolu¬ 
tion, 56, 57, 83 
Monroe Doctrine, 128 ff., 287 

National Banking Act, 195 ff. 
Navigation Acts, 36 
New England Confederation, 19 
New Netherland, Fall of, 25 
“ New South,” 221, 222 

Ordinance of 1787, 65, 66 
Ostend Manifesto, 165 

Panama Canal, 282 ff. 

Panics, 145, 169, 230 
Parties, Political, 76 
Patroons, 24 
Philippines, 273, 277 ff. 
Plymouth, 13 
Popular Sovereignty, 163 
President, Election of, 77, 78, 
79, 97, 98, 135, 136, 180, 231, 
241, 242, 243, 290, 293 
Presidential Succession Act, 238 
Prices, Rising, 267 ff. 

Pure Food and Drugs Act, 288 
Puritans, 16 

Railroads, 181, 230, 323 ff. 
Recall, 289 

Reconstruction, 206 ff. 
Representation, Three-fifths 
Rule, 72, 126 

Representation in the Colonies, 
11, 40 

Resumption of Specie Pay¬ 
ments, 233 ff. 

Revenue Bills, 71 
Revolution, Causes of, 36 ff. 
Revolution, Results of, 59 
Revolution of 1688, 29 




Index 


57 


Rhode Island, 20, 21, 27 
Right of Deposit, 99 

Sandys, 8 

Santo Domingo, 291 
Saratoga, 52 

Senate, Representation in, 69, 
70 

Shays’s Rebellion, 64 
Sherman Silver Act, 259 ff. 
Short Ballot, 294 
Silver Question, 253 ff. 
Sixteenth Amendment, 298 ff. 
Slavery, 148 ff. 

“Solid South,” 219 
Spanish-American War, 270 ff. 
Stamp Act, 39, 40, 41 
Strict and Loose Construction, 
87, 89 

Sumter, Fort, 182 ff. 

Supreme Court, Powers of, 
116 ff. 

Tariff, 318 ff. 

Tariffs: (1816) 114, 115; (1833) 
141; (1857) 174; (1894) 

319; (1913)292 
Tax Rate, 302 
Texas, 148 

Three-fifths Rule, 72, 126 


Tobacco in Virginia, 7 
Town in New England, 15 
Townshend Acts, 42 
Treaties: (1763) 35; (1778) 

316; (1783) 58; (Jay’s) 91; 
(Clayton-Bulwer) 283; 

(Hay-Pauncefote) 284, 285 
Trusts, 244 ff. 

Tyler, President, 146 

Underwood Tariff, 320 
Union Pacific Railroad, 325, 326 
United States Bank, 85, 87, 88 

Veto Power of Early Gover¬ 
nors, 48 

Virginia, Tobacco in, 7 
Voting, Qualifications for, 306 

Webster, 137, 203 
West, Influence of the, 134, 140 
West Virginia, 199 
Whisky Rebellion, 93 
Williams, Roger, 27 
Wilmot Proviso, 148, 149 
Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 319 
World War, U. S. in, 307 ff. 
Writs of Assistance, 37 

Zenger Trial, 26 






















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